diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json.Tests/PerformanceTests.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json.Tests/PerformanceTests.cs
index 16f39448..230570f7 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json.Tests/PerformanceTests.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json.Tests/PerformanceTests.cs
@@ -301,6 +301,77 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Tests
             return result;
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void LargeArrayJTokenPathPerformance()
+        {
+            JArray a = new JArray();
+            for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
+            {
+                a.Add(i);
+            }
+
+            JToken first = a.First;
+            JToken last = a.Last;
+
+            int interations = 1000;
+
+            TimeOperation(() =>
+            {
+                string p = null;
+                for (int i = 0; i < interations; i++)
+                {
+                    p = first.Path;
+                }
+
+                return p;
+            }, "First");
+
+            TimeOperation(() =>
+            {
+                string p = null;
+                for (int i = 0; i < interations; i++)
+                {
+                    p = last.Path;
+                }
+
+                return p;
+            }, "Last");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void LargeArrayAddPerformance()
+        {
+            JArray a1 = new JArray();
+
+            JArray a2 = new JArray();
+            for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
+            {
+                a2.Add(i);
+            }
+
+            int interations = 1000;
+
+            TimeOperation(() =>
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < interations; i++)
+                {
+                    a1.Add(interations);
+                }
+
+                return a1;
+            }, "Small");
+
+            TimeOperation(() =>
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < interations; i++)
+                {
+                    a2.Add(interations);
+                }
+
+                return a2;
+            }, "Large");
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void BuildJObject()
         {
diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JArray.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JArray.cs
index 5ca9a165..ad73e028 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JArray.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JArray.cs
@@ -270,6 +270,11 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
             set { SetItem(index, value); }
         }
 
+        internal override int IndexOfItem(JToken item)
+        {
+            return _values.IndexOfReference(item);
+        }
+
         internal override void MergeItem(object content, JsonMergeSettings settings)
         {
             IEnumerable a = (IsMultiContent(content) || content is JArray)
diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JConstructor.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JConstructor.cs
index 0a49a93e..1411caf6 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JConstructor.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JConstructor.cs
@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
             get { return _values; }
         }
 
+        internal override int IndexOfItem(JToken item)
+        {
+            return _values.IndexOfReference(item);
+        }
+
         internal override void MergeItem(object content, JsonMergeSettings settings)
         {
             JConstructor c = content as JConstructor;
diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JContainer.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JContainer.cs
index 6e902010..02bb0555 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JContainer.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JContainer.cs
@@ -351,30 +351,7 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
             return item;
         }
 
-        private class JTokenReferenceEqualityComparer : IEqualityComparer<JToken>
-        {
-            public static readonly JTokenReferenceEqualityComparer Instance = new JTokenReferenceEqualityComparer();
-
-            public bool Equals(JToken x, JToken y)
-            {
-                return ReferenceEquals(x, y);
-            }
-
-            public int GetHashCode(JToken obj)
-            {
-                if (obj == null)
-                {
-                    return 0;
-                }
-
-                return obj.GetHashCode();
-            }
-        }
-
-        internal int IndexOfItem(JToken item)
-        {
-            return ChildrenTokens.IndexOf(item, JTokenReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance);
-        }
+        internal abstract int IndexOfItem(JToken item);
 
         internal virtual void InsertItem(int index, JToken item, bool skipParentCheck)
         {
diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JObject.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JObject.cs
index 7e7d49c1..ea74795c 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JObject.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JObject.cs
@@ -128,6 +128,11 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
             return _properties.Compare(t._properties);
         }
 
+        internal override int IndexOfItem(JToken item)
+        {
+            return _properties.IndexOfReference(item);
+        }
+
         internal override void InsertItem(int index, JToken item, bool skipParentCheck)
         {
             // don't add comments to JObject, no name to reference comment by
diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JProperty.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JProperty.cs
index a1049cf0..c68502a0 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JProperty.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JProperty.cs
@@ -235,6 +235,11 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
             throw new JsonException("Cannot add or remove items from {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, typeof(JProperty)));
         }
 
+        internal override int IndexOfItem(JToken item)
+        {
+            return _content.IndexOf(item);
+        }
+
         internal override void InsertItem(int index, JToken item, bool skipParentCheck)
         {
             // don't add comments to JProperty
diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JPropertyKeyedCollection.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JPropertyKeyedCollection.cs
index 867d741c..527fdab5 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JPropertyKeyedCollection.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JPropertyKeyedCollection.cs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Utilities;
 
 namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
 {
@@ -35,6 +36,10 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
 
         private Dictionary<string, JToken> _dictionary;
 
+        public JPropertyKeyedCollection() : base(new List<JToken>())
+        {
+        }
+
         private void AddKey(string key, JToken item)
         {
             EnsureDictionary();
@@ -220,6 +225,11 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
             }
         }
 
+        public int IndexOfReference(JToken t)
+        {
+            return ((List<JToken>)Items).IndexOfReference(t);
+        }
+
         public bool Compare(JPropertyKeyedCollection other)
         {
             if (this == other)
diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JToken.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JToken.cs
index 7a162847..d6d0830c 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JToken.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JToken.cs
@@ -1883,7 +1883,7 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
         /// <returns>An <see cref="JsonReader"/> that can be used to read this token and its descendants.</returns>
         public JsonReader CreateReader()
         {
-            return new JTokenReader(this, Path);
+            return new JTokenReader(this);
         }
 
         internal static JToken FromObjectInternal(object o, JsonSerializer jsonSerializer)
diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JTokenReader.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JTokenReader.cs
index 5f0ca876..d3595198 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JTokenReader.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Linq/JTokenReader.cs
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
     /// </summary>
     public class JTokenReader : JsonReader, IJsonLineInfo
     {
-        private readonly string _initialPath;
         private readonly JToken _root;
+        private string _initialPath;
         private JToken _parent;
         private JToken _current;
 
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
             _root = token;
         }
 
+        // this is used by json.net schema
         internal JTokenReader(JToken token, string initialPath)
             : this(token)
         {
@@ -306,6 +307,11 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Linq
             {
                 string path = base.Path;
 
+                if (_initialPath == null)
+                {
+                    _initialPath = _root.Path;
+                }
+
                 if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(_initialPath))
                 {
                     if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(path))
diff --git a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Utilities/CollectionUtils.cs b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Utilities/CollectionUtils.cs
index 6b84fc34..1ff8d237 100644
--- a/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Utilities/CollectionUtils.cs
+++ b/Src/Newtonsoft.Json/Utilities/CollectionUtils.cs
@@ -214,11 +214,11 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Utilities
             return -1;
         }
 
-        public static bool Contains(this IEnumerable list, object value, IEqualityComparer comparer)
+        public static bool Contains<T>(this List<T> list, T value, IEqualityComparer comparer)
         {
-            foreach (object item in list)
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.Count; i++)
             {
-                if (comparer.Equals(item, value))
+                if (comparer.Equals(value, list[i]))
                 {
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -226,24 +226,14 @@ namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Utilities
             return false;
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Returns the index of the first occurrence in a sequence by using a specified IEqualityComparer{TSource}.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <typeparam name="TSource">The type of the elements of source.</typeparam>
-        /// <param name="list">A sequence in which to locate a value.</param>
-        /// <param name="value">The object to locate in the sequence</param>
-        /// <param name="comparer">An equality comparer to compare values.</param>
-        /// <returns>The zero-based index of the first occurrence of value within the entire sequence, if found; otherwise, –1.</returns>
-        public static int IndexOf<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> list, TSource value, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        public static int IndexOfReference<T>(this List<T> list, T item)
         {
-            int index = 0;
-            foreach (TSource item in list)
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.Count; i++)
             {
-                if (comparer.Equals(item, value))
+                if (ReferenceEquals(item, list[i]))
                 {
-                    return index;
+                    return i;
                 }
-                index++;
             }
             return -1;
         }